Real estate projects under construction in Brazil

1307 projects under construction in Brazil

Find real estate projects under construction in Brazil. Compare developers, expected delivery dates, availability, unit sizes, and current prices in one directory.

ListMap
Casa da Mata
Under Development
No active listings

Casa da Mata

Gated Community

Campinas, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 280-324 m²

No units available

AZO Incorporadora
Colatinna 56
Under Development
No active listings

Colatinna 56

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 49-132 m²

No units available

P
Taquaral Residence
Under Development
No active listings

Taquaral Residence

Apartment Building

Campinas, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 52-263 m²

No units available

YEES
Italo Residencial Clube - Fase 1 e 2
Under Development
No active listings

Italo Residencial Clube - Fase 1 e 2

Apartment Building

Piracicaba, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 75-137 m²

No units available

Embraplan
Jardins Ozina Barros Parnamirim
Under Development
No active listings

Jardins Ozina Barros Parnamirim

Recife, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 392 m²

No units available

G
Endless Península BY Edsa - Fase 1
Under Development
No active listings

Endless Península BY Edsa - Fase 1

Apartment Building

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 107-398 m²

No units available

R
IPA Club - Fase 1 - Torre A
Under Development
No active listings

IPA Club - Fase 1 - Torre A

Apartment Building

Sorocaba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 60-164 m²

No units available

YEES
Solar das Flores
Under Development
No active listings

Solar das Flores

Apartment Building

Nova Friburgo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 52-76 m²

No units available

Gênesis Empreendimentos
Casa Tua
Under Development
No active listings

Casa Tua

Gated Community

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 99-222 m²

No units available

E
Ronald 42
Under Development
No active listings

Ronald 42

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 261-610 m²

No units available

A
Artur Rocha 1133
Under Development
No active listings

Artur Rocha 1133

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 179-229 m²

No units available

A
Vita Residencial
Under Development
No active listings

Vita Residencial

Apartment Building

Teresópolis, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 65-113 m²

No units available

Gênesis Empreendimentos
La Villa Madrid
Under Development
No active listings

La Villa Madrid

Gated Community

Jundiaí, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 145-178 m²

No units available

Grupo LAR
Mora Alto da Lapa
Under Development
No active listings

Mora Alto da Lapa

Apartment Building

Francisco Morato, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 71-160 m²

No units available

Bioma
Vizcaya Itaim
Under Development
No active listings

Vizcaya Itaim

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 541-1396 m²

No units available

Lucio
Botucatu 693
Under Development
No active listings

Botucatu 693

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 38-63 m²

No units available

Consthruir
Taone Vila Mariana
Under Development
No active listings

Taone Vila Mariana

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 43-87 m²

No units available

VINX
Plenitude Melo Alves
Under Development
No active listings

Plenitude Melo Alves

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4-5 beds · 531-1560 m²

No units available

Kopstein
Relva Alto de Pinheiros
Under Development
No active listings

Relva Alto de Pinheiros

Gated Community

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 1107-1278 m²

No units available

TOCA 55
Motiro Parque Central
Under Development
No active listings

Motiro Parque Central

Apartment Building

Santo André, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 124-190 m²

No units available

JACY
PJM 923
Under Development
No active listings

PJM 923

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 580 m²

No units available

TOCA 55
Oura Alto de Pinheiros
Under Development
No active listings

Oura Alto de Pinheiros

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 372-672 m²

No units available

TOCA 55
Panorama Ibirapuera
Under Development
No active listings

Panorama Ibirapuera

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 372-438 m²

No units available

Sinco
Almada
Under Development
No active listings

Almada

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 45-115 m²

No units available

Sinco
Borogodo
Under Development
No active listings

Borogodo

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 28-54 m²

No units available

UMA
Grecco
Under Development
No active listings

Grecco

Apartment Building

Uberlândia, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 120-403 m²

No units available

MAXI
Parc College
Under Development
No active listings

Parc College

Apartment Building

Recife, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 92-121 m²

No units available

CETA
Horizon 205
Under Development
No active listings

Horizon 205

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 144-357 m²

No units available

Sudeste
AR Ipanema
Under Development
No active listings

AR Ipanema

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 60-121 m²

No units available

AZO Incorporadora
Amaz Alphaville
Under Development
No active listings

Amaz Alphaville

Apartment Building

Barueri, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 133-349 m²

No units available

CNL
Vetro
Under Development
No active listings

Vetro

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 111-225 m²

No units available

RL Costa Engenharia
Famile Lino
Under Development
No active listings

Famile Lino

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 67-1209 m²

No units available

Consthruir
Montreal
Under Development
No active listings

Montreal

Apartment Building

Curitiba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 39-98 m²

No units available

Martelli
Reserva SAO Francisco
Under Development
No active listings

Reserva SAO Francisco

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 96-261 m²

No units available

Elvas
LA MAR Jaguaribe
Under Development
No active listings

LA MAR Jaguaribe

Apartment Building

Salvador, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 173-198 m²

No units available

Grafico
Landmark SBC
Under Development
No active listings

Landmark SBC

Apartment Building

São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 74-107 m²

No units available

Paddan
Upside Charitas
Under Development
No active listings

Upside Charitas

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 111-257 m²

No units available

Elvas
Memorias
Under Development
No active listings

Memorias

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 209-436 m²

No units available

CON UP Construtora
Summerlyn
Under Development
No active listings

Summerlyn

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 307-408 m²

No units available

Durafa
LA Place
Under Development
No active listings

LA Place

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 163-312 m²

No units available

FBR Incorporadora
Float SAO Paulo
Under Development
No active listings

Float SAO Paulo

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 37-60 m²

No units available

RKM
Horizon Vila Matilde
Under Development
No active listings

Horizon Vila Matilde

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 43-255 m²

No units available

SWA Realty
Landscape
Under Development
No active listings

Landscape

Apartment Building

Santo André, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 90-112 m²

No units available

Paddan
Auten Paulinia
Under Development
No active listings

Auten Paulinia

Apartment Building

Paulínia, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 162-307 m²

No units available

Auten Incorporadora
Harmonia
Under Development
No active listings

Harmonia

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 131-154 m²

No units available

Construtora Orkhestra
Modo Cidade Jardim
Under Development
No active listings

Modo Cidade Jardim

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 35-60 m²

No units available

KATZ
Bordini 1595
Under Development
No active listings

Bordini 1595

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 231-550 m²

No units available

Tomasetto
Pier Norte
Under Development
No active listings

Pier Norte

Apartment Building

Maceió, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 327-628 m²

No units available

Engemat
Mahalo
Under Development
No active listings

Mahalo

Apartment Building

João Pessoa, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 49-90 m²

No units available

Exata
Style
Under Development
No active listings

Style

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 191-491 m²

No units available

Bacos
Lins 911
Under Development
No active listings

Lins 911

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 49-80 m²

No units available

Consthruir
Park Ville
Under Development
No active listings

Park Ville

Apartment Building

Sorocaba, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 63-147 m²

No units available

JCR
Lume Residencial
Under Development
No active listings

Lume Residencial

Apartment Building

Curitiba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 45-151 m²

No units available

Fhase
Walk Lourdes
Under Development
No active listings

Walk Lourdes

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 42-90 m²

No units available

FBR Incorporadora
Belize
Under Development
No active listings

Belize

Apartment Building

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 108-339 m²

No units available

Martins Ferreira Imoveis
Arend
Under Development
No active listings

Arend

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 81-377 m²

No units available

Fernandes Maciel
Horizon Pedra Branca
Under Development
No active listings

Horizon Pedra Branca

Gated Community

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 122-274 m²

No units available

Avanco
Dallas
Under Development
No active listings

Dallas

Apartment Building

Uberlândia, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 96-121 m²

No units available

Pacheco
Joquei Condominio Clube - Fase 1
Under Development
No active listings

Joquei Condominio Clube - Fase 1

Apartment Building

Fortaleza, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 73-74 m²

No units available

Victa Construtora
Vista Parque
Under Development
No active listings

Vista Parque

Apartment Building

Fortaleza, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 72 m²

No units available

Victa Construtora
Allegro Residence
Under Development
No active listings

Allegro Residence

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 92-204 m²

No units available

Construtora Orkhestra
Campo Belo
Under Development
No active listings

Campo Belo

Gated Community

Piracicaba, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 72-84 m²

No units available

Catagua
Maria Sgarella Parish
Under Development
No active listings

Maria Sgarella Parish

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 135-276 m²

No units available

Castor
Reserva Perfetto
Under Development
No active listings

Reserva Perfetto

Apartment Building

Campinas, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 94-294 m²

No units available

S
Leaves Residence
Under Development
No active listings

Leaves Residence

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 71-101 m²

No units available

R Correa
Iberius Jardim SAO Paulo
Under Development
No active listings

Iberius Jardim SAO Paulo

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 42-120 m²

No units available

Casados
Jardim Itacoa
Under Development
No active listings

Jardim Itacoa

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 63-235 m²

No units available

SPIN
Motiro Casa Branca
Under Development
No active listings

Motiro Casa Branca

Apartment Building

Santo André, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 84-133 m²

No units available

JACY
Live Tijuca
Under Development
No active listings

Live Tijuca

Apartment Building

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 49-219 m²

No units available

Martins Ferreira Imoveis
Liwo
Under Development
No active listings

Liwo

Apartment Building

Uberlândia, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 114-290 m²

No units available

MAXI
Core Faivre
Under Development
No active listings

Core Faivre

Apartment Building

Curitiba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 28-56 m²

No units available

Gadens Empreendimentos
Hercules
Under Development
No active listings

Hercules

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 53-204 m²

No units available

F2
Connect Estacao Joao Dias
Under Development
No active listings

Connect Estacao Joao Dias

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 47-77 m²

No units available

FIT CASA
Vinx Jurubatuba Home Resort- Fase 1
Under Development
No active listings

Vinx Jurubatuba Home Resort- Fase 1

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 52-61 m²

No units available

VINX
Aura Frederico Ribeiro
Under Development
No active listings

Aura Frederico Ribeiro

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 45-191 m²

No units available

CON UP Construtora
NEO Design Icarai
Under Development
No active listings

NEO Design Icarai

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 46-105 m²

No units available

Elvas
Trend Vila Madalena
Under Development
No active listings

Trend Vila Madalena

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 48-88 m²

No units available

Montrecon
Prisma
Under Development
No active listings

Prisma

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 184-422 m²

No units available

Krystal
Essence
Under Development
No active listings

Essence

Apartment Building

Natal, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 91-438 m²

No units available

Terraz
Parque Lobato
Under Development
No active listings

Parque Lobato

Apartment Building

Sorocaba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 64-121 m²

No units available

Access
Feeling Jardim SAO Paulo
Under Development
No active listings

Feeling Jardim SAO Paulo

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 31-228 m²

No units available

Golani
Ambar
Under Development
No active listings

Ambar

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 136 m²

No units available

F2
Terrace Santa Lucia
Under Development
No active listings

Terrace Santa Lucia

Apartment Building

Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 174-445 m²

No units available

FBR Incorporadora
Marano
Under Development
No active listings

Marano

Apartment Building

Ipojuca, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 30-71 m²

No units available

Perfecta
Barao 428
Under Development
No active listings

Barao 428

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

3 beds · 495 m²

No units available

WOSS INC
Viewline Lapa
Under Development
No active listings

Viewline Lapa

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 53 m²

No units available

Viewco
Parque Verano
Under Development
No active listings

Parque Verano

Apartment Building

Sorocaba, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 78-109 m²

No units available

Access
Rise
Under Development
No active listings

Rise

Apartment Building

Salvador, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 97-103 m²

No units available

Ferreira Ferraz
Algarve
Under Development
No active listings

Algarve

Apartment Building

Maceió, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 300-411 m²

No units available

Engemat
Citta SAN Martin
Under Development
No active listings

Citta SAN Martin

Apartment Building

Recife, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 51 m²

No units available

Tenorio Incorporacoes
Zion Botanico
Under Development
No active listings

Zion Botanico

Apartment Building

Curitiba, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 37-91 m²

No units available

Martelli
Conviva Life Inga
Under Development
No active listings

Conviva Life Inga

Apartment Building

Niterói, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 48-100 m²

No units available

Conviva
Baume Itaim
Under Development
No active listings

Baume Itaim

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 328-415 m²

No units available

O
Beatriz Alto de Pinheiros
Under Development
No active listings

Beatriz Alto de Pinheiros

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 543-1031 m²

No units available

N
Vert Vila Nova
Under Development
No active listings

Vert Vila Nova

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1-3 beds · 40-103 m²

No units available

O
Sofia Campo Belo
Under Development
No active listings

Sofia Campo Belo

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

4 beds · 394-943 m²

No units available

N
SET Jungle
Under Development
No active listings

SET Jungle

Apartment Building

Ubatuba, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 52 m²

No units available

Atmosfera
Romero
Under Development
No active listings

Romero

Apartment Building

Praia Grande, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 85-93 m²

No units available

A
Artse BY Tarraf
Under Development
No active listings

Artse BY Tarraf

Apartment Building

Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 274-355 m²

No units available

Tarraf
SOU Pleno Cotia
Under Development
No active listings

SOU Pleno Cotia

Cotia, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 66-75 m²

No units available

S
Avora BY Tebas
Under Development
No active listings

Avora BY Tebas

Apartment Building

Jundiaí, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 324-372 m²

No units available

Tebas Construtora LTDA
Eleva25
Under Development
No active listings

Eleva25

Apartment Building

Águas Claras, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 67-258 m²

No units available

Terral Incorporadora
Villa Arcos
Under Development
No active listings

Villa Arcos

Apartment Building

Tamandaré, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 49-193 m²

No units available

REIS
High Life Mansoes
Under Development
No active listings

High Life Mansoes

Apartment Building

Campinas, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 99-200 m²

No units available

Aliança
Azure
Under Development
No active listings

Azure

Apartment Building

Praia Grande, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 106-183 m²

No units available

A
Tess Brooklin
Under Development
No active listings

Tess Brooklin

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

3-4 beds · 196-456 m²

No units available

N
DNA Itagua
Under Development
No active listings

DNA Itagua

Apartment Building

Ubatuba, Brazil

Price TBD

2-4 beds · 105-319 m²

No units available

Atmosfera
Selfie Sereno
Under Development
No active listings

Selfie Sereno

Apartment Building

Nova Lima, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 78 m²

No units available

Caparao
Promenade Verso
Under Development
No active listings

Promenade Verso

Apartment Building

Goiânia, Brazil

Price TBD

1-2 beds · 57-186 m²

No units available

WV Maldi
Cinque Terre
Under Development
No active listings

Cinque Terre

Apartment Building

Goiânia, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 87-245 m²

No units available

Sousa Andrade
Aura Humaita
Under Development
No active listings

Aura Humaita

Apartment Building

Santo André, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 70 m²

No units available

A
Viva Entreverdes
Under Development
No active listings

Viva Entreverdes

Apartment Building

Goiânia, Brazil

Price TBD

1-4 beds · 75-372 m²

No units available

WV Maldi
Bauhaus
Under Development
No active listings

Bauhaus

Apartment Building

Goiânia, Brazil

Price TBD

4-5 beds · 350-740 m²

No units available

Gmp
Oasis Jundiai
Under Development
No active listings

Oasis Jundiai

Apartment Building

Jundiaí, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 75-112 m²

No units available

Sebel Empreendimentos
Granja Comary Loft
Under Development
No active listings

Granja Comary Loft

Apartment Building

Teresópolis, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 46 m²

No units available

Saint Michel
Villa Wamosy
Under Development
No active listings

Villa Wamosy

Apartment Building

Porto Alegre, Brazil

Price TBD

2-3 beds · 96-234 m²

No units available

C
Conceito Poa - Torre 1 e 2
Under Development
No active listings

Conceito Poa - Torre 1 e 2

Apartment Building

Poá, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 47-72 m²

No units available

Jeronimo da Veiga
Portal dos Ipes
Under Development
No active listings

Portal dos Ipes

Apartment Building

Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 55-65 m²

No units available

Mingardi & Elias
Look Berrini
Under Development
No active listings

Look Berrini

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

1 bed · 40-46 m²

No units available

Migras
Infinity Santana
Under Development
No active listings

Infinity Santana

Apartment Building

São Paulo, Brazil

Price TBD

2 beds · 76-87 m²

No units available

Caris Incorporadora

A project under construction sits between the pre-sale stage and delivery: the building is visibly progressing, which lowers the completion risk, but units usually still cost less than finished stock. Developers often keep installment plans open during construction, so you can enter with a down payment and pay the balance as the work advances.

When comparing projects under construction in Brazil, look at the construction timeline, what percentage of units is already sold, and the developer's history of delivering on schedule. This directory lists every active construction project in Brazil with its developer, prices and availability, so you can compare them side by side.

Frequently asked questions about projects in Brazil

Is buying during construction cheaper than buying finished?
Usually yes, though the discount is smaller than at launch. Prices typically rise as the building advances, so a unit bought mid-construction sits between the pre-sale price and the finished price. Compare the project's price per m² with finished units in the same area to see the real gap.
What should I check before buying in a project under construction in Brazil?
Three things: the developer's delivery track record (their finished projects are listed on their TuLugar profile), the contract terms — delivery date, tolerance period, delay penalties — and how sales are progressing. A building that is mostly sold and visibly on schedule carries far less risk.
Can I still pay in installments during construction?
In most projects, yes. The common structure is a down payment plus monthly installments while the work continues, with the balance at delivery. The later you enter, the shorter the installment period — so the required monthly payment is usually higher than at launch.
What is a real estate development project in Brazil?
A development project is a residential building, gated community, or complex under construction, pre-sale, or recently delivered. It lets you buy directly from the developer, often with installment plans during construction and lower prices than a finished unit.
How is a project verified on TuLugar?
Verified projects have been manually reviewed by the TuLugar team to confirm the developer exists, the project is real, and the basic data (location, units, status) is correct. The verified badge appears on the project card.
What do 'Pre-sale', 'Under Construction' and 'Completed' mean?
Pre-sale means the project is being sold before construction starts, usually at the lowest price. Under Construction means work is in progress and prices typically rise as delivery approaches. Completed means the building is finished and ready to move in.
How do I compare prices between projects in Brazil?
Each project on TuLugar shows the price range, bedroom count, and available area based on its active units. Use the price, bedroom, and city filters to compare similar projects side by side.
How much does it cost to list my project on TuLugar?
Listing a project is free for developers. After creating a company account, you can add projects with their units, photos, and details. Listed projects automatically appear in the project directory and on the map.
How up-to-date is the availability information?
Availability updates whenever the developer edits their units. Each project card shows the last unit-update date so you know how recent the information is before contacting the developer.